While euxinic conditions (i.e. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. times, but that younger Proterozoic stromatolites grew largely through the Andrew Knoll explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. White (1999) has written a superb but condensed text on the physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes. using numerical simulations based on modern stromatolite growth processes. of possible accretion mechanisms. Near the root of the tree are numerous bacteria1metabolizing sulfur species including organ- isms living from dissimilatory elemental sulfur reduction, dissimilatory sulfate reduction, and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Protists gave rise to animals long before 600 Ma through the choanoflagellates, for which no fossil record exists. Introduction. textures of ancient stromatolites. Defining biosignatures, i.e. This steep decrease in carbon dioxide concentrations may be inconsistent with paleosol data, which implies that pCO2 did not change appreciably during that time. Stromatolites are attached, lithified sedimentary growth structures, accretionary Spectacular new artwork by gifted artist Graham Johnson of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego. A non-zero multiple isotopic signature of sulfur (Δ33S and Δ36S) is produced primarily through photochemical reactions, and it is an almost perfect tracer of the source of sulfur. Two new algal taxa are described from the approximately 2,000 m.y. Under these conditions, biologically important trace metals would have been scarce in most marine environments, potentially restricting the nitrogen cycle, affecting primary productivity, and limiting the ecological distribution of eukaryotic algae. (Ma)] contain reduced carbon that is likely biogenic. The stages of mineral evolution arise from three primary mechanisms: (1) the progressive separation and concentration of the elements from their original relatively uniform distribution in the pre-solar nebula; (2) an increase in range of intensive variables such as pressure, temperature, and the activities of H(2)O, CO(2), and O(2); and (3) the generation of far-from-equilibrium conditions by living systems. They include the belief in the scientific method as the only valid approach to knowledge, the split between mind and matter, the view of nature as a mechanical system, the view of life in society as a competitive struggle for survival, and the belief in unlimited material progress to be achieved through economic and technological growth. This trend most likely reflects long-term evolution With the current lack ... Clearly, geobiological discussions of Earth' s oldest geologic record must distinguish between evidence for life and evidence of cyanobacteria. In the modern oceans, a significant removal pathway for phosphorus occurs by way of its adsorption onto iron oxide deposits. Average: 3.6 (63 votes) This lesson plan for teachers of teenagers at level A2/B1 and above explores the theme of space exploration. A chemical control is seen by an overlay of the mound provinces on a map of the aragonite saturation horizon (ASH). I have got study and i am certain that i am going to likely to read again yet Those associated …. sp. 2. Students will learn more about the topic and have a chance to discuss ideas. isotopic stage and a barren interval between the Sturtian and Marinoan Andrew Knoll explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. The science of change from cells to culture Cells to Civilizations is the first unified account of how life transforms itself—from the production of bacteria to the emergence of complex civilizations. An external physical control is inferred from the position of the mound provinces, girdling a vigorous North Atlantic subtropical gyre system and clustering close to the roof of the intermediate to deep water masses of a dynamically stratified ocean. Sulfate levels increased slowly, and by 1.8 Ga sulfate concentrations were sufficient to increase rates of sulfate reduction to greater than the delivery flux of iron to the oceans. The Cyanobacteria, Life's Microbial Heroes 108 Chapter 8. After the evolution of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria at some time before 2.7 billion years ago, oxygen production on Earth is thought to have depended on the availability of nutrients in the oceans, such as phosphorus (in the form of orthophosphate). It is apparent that although there is no single and direct method to recognize the precise phylogenetic relations of such microfossils, ultrastructural studies of their preserved cell walls and encompassing sheaths, combined with biochemical analyses and other advanced methods, may further elucidate their affinities to the modern biota. 1999; Rosing and Frei 2004). Turbiditic and pelagic sedimentary rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt in west Greenland [more than 3700 million years ago PDF Download Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth (Princeton Science Library) Updated wit edition Book fans, when you require an extra book to read, discover guide Life On A Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years Of Evolution On Earth (Princeton Science Library) Updated Wit Edition right here. He examines the development of the zebra, the adaptations of seaweed, the cave paintings of Lascaux, and the formulations of Alan Turing. He concluded that these chemical profiles indicate that atmospheric PO2 has not changed significantly during the past 3.0 Ga. We seek to resolve the conflict between these reconstructions through a broader examination of the paleosol literature, both to determine which reported paleosols can be definitively identified as such and to determine what these definite paleosols tell us about atmospheric evolution. Fossils, molecular biomarkers, molecular clocks for individual clades, and the sedimentary silica record all disclose that the modern phytoplankton has Mesozoic roots. Paleobiological perspectives on early eukaryotic evolution, Knoll AH. One avenue relies on the comparison of molecular sequences derived from biologically essential proteins and genetic material. Le Hir Guillaume, Donnadieu Yannick, Goddéris Y, Pierrehumbert Raymond T., Halverson Galen P., Macouin Mélina, Nédélec Anne b, Ramstein Gilles. Because such silica in sediments is often redistributed locally during diagenesis to from nodular or bedded chert, stratigraphic changes in the facies distribution of early diagenetic chert provide important insights into the development of biological participation in the silica cycle. My approach is pedagogic. of life is recorded by fossils, molecular biomarkers, biogeochemically informative isotopic abundances, especially of carbon Sequence comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes suggest a deep evolutionary divergence of Eukarya and Archaea(1); C-27-C-29 steranes (derived from sterols synthesized by eukaryotes) and strong depletion of C-13 (a biogeochemical signature of methanogenic Archaea) in 2,700 Myr old kerogens independently place a minimum age on this split(2,3). The fractionated Cr isotope signature is then tranfered by riverine transport to the sea. The conception is bold and arresting... it reads excellently but its clarity is also vivid, effective and engaging. Lakes that were ferruginous in the past, or euxinic lakes with cryptic iron cycling may also help understand transitions between ferruginous and euxinic conditions in shallow and mid-depth oceanic waters during the Proterozoic. Knoll, Andrew H. Life on a Young Planet The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth - Updated Edition Cold Spring Harb. We can observe the formation of those features today in modern coastal settings, where the structures are much more common than stromatolites. 2000 Bangiomorpha pubescens 2008 The rise of atmospheric oxygen. This report, and the Workshop discussions leading to it, stem from the growing realization that physical events of short duration may have had frequent, significant, and lasting effects on the Earth’s biota. Read PDF Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth (Updated ed) Authored by Andrew H. Knoll, Andrew H. Knoll Released at - Filesize: 1.34 MB Reviews It in a of the most popular ebook. life in the physical and chemical properties of sedimentary rocks. A geochemical modelling study of the evolution of the chemical composition of seawater linked to a "snowball" glaciation. ... A minor group of multicellular organisms, coenocytic and thallophytic, of which some are also encrusting minerals into their sheaths and/or achieving macroscopic dimensions, appeared meanwhile and long before the advent of metazoans and biomineralisation of skeletons at the end of the Proterozoic. They can preserve a relative diversity even if the remaining oasis is small. The structures constitute a significant archive for the understanding of Earth's earliest worlds, and are important biosignatures for the detection of life on other planets. In pre-stellar molecular clouds, widely dispersed microscopic dust particles contain approximately a dozen refractory minerals that represent the starting point of planetary mineral evolution. Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms. In: Holland H.D. Seed plants, with the most elaborate sporophyte and the most reduced gametophyte (except the megagametophyte in many gymnosperms), have the best developed sexual reproduction system that can be matched only by mammals among eukaryotes: an ancient and stable sex determination mechanism (heterospory) that enhances outcrossing, a highly bimodal and skewed distribution of sperm and egg numbers, a male‐driven mutation system, female specialization in mutation selection and nourishment of the offspring, and well developed internal fertilization. Plants produced the fossil energy resources which enabled the industrial revolution and which we still depend on. The Late Neoproterozoic Era was punctuated by widespread glaciations and large perturbations in the carbon cycle (Hoffman & Schrag 2002;Halverson et al. Every definitely identified pre-2.44 Ga paleosol suffered significant Fe loss during weathering. These are flanked basinward by “reef-like” giant subtidal stromatolitic mounds elongated perpendicular to the platform margin and grading into slope deposits consisting of laminated carbonates with interbeds of chaotic dolomite breccia and conophyton stromatolites. It is, in my opinion, a revolution comparable to the great voyages of discovery and of scientific observations of the Europeans between the 14th to the 19th centuries, which culminated with Charles Darwin and his revolutionary book “The Origin of the Species” (Darwin 1859). Indeed, large populations of microscopic organisms can populate a small volume in which light remains available. While physical mixing processes in lakes and oceans are notably different, many chemical and biological processes are similar. This increase in sulfate levels may have been promoted by a rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration at this time. The Olive Shale (Koldaha Shale) belonging to the Semri Group exposed in the Newari area of the Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, has yielded a variety of (macroscopic) millimetric, carbonaceous films. This review summarizes the current knowledge about these intriguing multicellular bacteria. This review focuses on two types of emerging results: evidence of global dynamical coupling between life and the environment, and an understanding of the ways in which smaller-scale processes determine the strength of that coupling. Inversion of hypothesis three leads to another, as yet unexplored, alternative. In 1966, I was able to spend consecutive months in North America (the United States and Canada) and South Africa, specifically to assess the differences and simi-larities of the major IFs. As a near neighbour to Earth and with evidence of similar conditions in its early history, contemporaneous with the origin of life on Earth, there is a reasonable possibility of finding evidence for alien life on the red planet. I didn't even know that These results indicate that eukaryotic microbial life was well established by close of the Paleoproterozoic and had already undergone a moderate amount of diversification. The Tree of Life 16 Chapter 3. Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth - Updated Edition (Princ.pdf 069116553X Denne artikkelen er en introduksjon til hvordan man tar i bruk e-bøker og hva man trenger for å lese dem. He explores how dogs make predictions, how weeds tell the time of day, and how our brains distinguish a Modigliani from a Rembrandt. calcite, in comparison to younger times. Download PDF Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth (Updated ed) Authored by Andrew H. Knoll, Andrew H. Knoll Released at - Filesize: 6.65 MB Reviews This published book is wonderful. The oxygen we breathe thus owes its existence to the leak [10,19,33,36]. This article was originally published in Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. In this study, we examine the trace metal requirements and sensitivities of marine cyanobacteria and use recent stability constants to model the abundance and chemical speciation of metals across this chemical transition ∼2.5 billion years ago. For the first time in the last twenty years or so, we are reconsidering life, not just on Earth and the Solar System, but also beyond. Measurements of quantitative variables that describe important features of the evolution of living organisms – their hierarchical organization, size and biodiversity – and of brains – their overall size, the number and size of their components – in relation to their cognitive abilities, provide reliable evidence of the reality and generality of evolutionary trends. We conclude that the atmospheric O2 concentration must have been < 10(-5) PAL prior to 2.3 Ga. Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached considerable levels by 2.22 Gyr ago. (2003). The c 750 Ma Mount Harper Group contains volcanic and coarse clastic rocks corresponding to the basal Windermere Tectonic Assemblage in the Canadian Cordillera. Trace element geochemistry from a number of laminated stromatolitic dolomite samples of the c. 3.40 Ga Strelley Pool Chert conclusively shows that they precipitated from anoxic seawater, probably in a very shallow environment consistent with previous sedimentological observations. The curve reflecting changes of the average CIA values in the Upper Precambrian fine-grained siliciclastic rocks of the South Urals is similar to some extent with the “standard” CIAcorrect. .. expresses better than most the bumptious vitality and sheer fun of open-minded research. however, the new approaches of molecular biology, which have added insights into the phylogenetic relationships of the prokaryotes, have also provided tools whereby sedimentary populations can be examined without the need for culturing the organisms. Analysis of the Hokkalampi paleosol (2.44-2.2 Ga) (Marmo, 1992) and the Ville Marie paleosol (2.38-2.215 Ga) (Rainbird, Nesbitt, and Donaldson, 1990) yield ambiguous results regarding atmospheric PO2. The increase in sulphide production became sufficient, around 1.8 Gyr, to precipitate the total flux of iron into the oceans. Platform lagoonal deposits consist of dark grey, laminoid fenestrate, stratified stromatolites interfingering to the interior of the craton with intertidal to supratidal, light grey cherty dolomite units with a variety of structures such as domal and stratified stromatolites, laminoid fenestrae, tepee structures and flat pebble conglomerates. It is process oriented and highlights the fascinating microorganisms that mediate anaerobic biogeochemistry. Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. and CIA values. The presence of red beds immediately overlying the Hokkalampi, Ville Marie, and Hekpoort paleosols suggests that by about 2.2 Ga there was an unquantified but substantial amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Donnadieu, Y., Y. Godderis, et al. Andrew Knoll explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. Steranes, large spheroidal microfossils, and rare macrofossils of possible eukaryotic origin occur in Palaeoproterozoic rocks(4-6). As a consequence of limited increase in the water cycling, CO2 consumption by continental weathering might not exceed 10 times its present day value. 49.12; Harvard University; Request full-text PDF. 2015 Statistical analysis of iron Collectively, these three lines of evidence constrain the evolutionary history of cyanobacteria (including plastids) and its relationship to Earth' s long term environmental evolution. The temporal restriction of these microfossils has been suggested to arise from a limited period of time for an interface between deep ferruginous and shallow oxic oceans, ... Knoll discusses this idea sympathetically, arguing that there is indeed geochemical evidence for an increase in atmospheric oxygen in the late Proterozoic, after the youngest of the three severe global ice ages that preceded the Ediacaran biota. The outline of a modern paradigm for the origins of life on earth was first formulated by Oparin (1924). Paleobiology 2. Either associated with, or following, the evolution of oxygenic photo- synthesis is the emergence of lineages housing most of the bacteria of which we are familiar, including most of the bacteria of the sulfur cycle. largely through in situ precipitation of laminae during Archean and older Proterozoic Sex, considered an important development, may have been inherited from bacteria. I am quite late in start reading this one, but better then never. Accretion hypotheses can be tested group of early thallophytes that includes the thread bacteria and the blue-green algae. Even so, microbial photosynthesis became the dominant oxygen-producing mechanism sometime in the Archean Eon (Brocks et al. (doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016121), Filamentous sulfur bacteria preserved in modern and ancient phosphatic sediments: implications for the role of oxygen and bacteria in phosphogenesis, Bailey JV, Corsetti FA, Greene SE, Crosby CH, Liu P, There was a significant oxidation of the Earth's surface around 2 billion years ago (2 Gyr). The upper Mount Harper Group comprises coarsening-upward cycles of interbedded mudstone and sandstone with locally derived volanic conglomerate, deposited in submarine debris apron and fan complexes. (eds.) Indeed, large populations of microscopic organisms can populate a small volume in which light remains available. x + 277 pp. sp., Thylacocausticus globorum n. gen. and sp., Cunicularius halleri n. gen. and sp., Graviglomus incrustus n. gen. and sp., Perulagranum obovatum n. gen. and sp., and Parenchymodiscus endolithicus n. gen. and sp. Altogether, these examples illustrate what can be potentially preserved during the very first stages of fossilization and what can be left in the geological record after diagenesis and metamorphism. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. 6, a016121. Although I disagree with some of their characterization of the Hamersley Group BIFs of Western Australia, my purpose here is only to comment on their use of IF nomenclature and classification. 1 Haam, E. & Huybers, P., 2009, A test for the presence Life on a Young Planet. Fossils Strata 34, 1-84. free explained Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth Epub Pdf Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites, form only the half billion year tip of a nearly four bi. A. Volcanism occurred mainly in the accommodation zone between the two subbasins, probably reflecting a concentration of faults in a transfer fault system of the propagating rifting event. Their adoption of the simple twofold subdivi-sion of IF, as a rock type, into banded iron formation (BIF) and granular iron formation (GIF), which I first used in the 2002 paper already cited, is admirable. This generally means a duration of 104years or less, with a definite bias toward truly instantaneous events. There is widespread consensus that life existed 3500 Ma, ... Protists have always important in marine communities, and indeed for a large part of the first 3.5 billion years of the geologic record, they were common in at least some benthic and pelagic ecosystems (, ... Life had what was needed to form and survive very early in Earth's history; unfortunately, rocks old enough (> ~4.0 Ga) to preserve evidence of any life, if it were present then, are unknown. The REE + Y data of carbonates from the Strelley Pool Chert and Dresser Formation contrast strongly with those from siderite layers in a jasper–siderite–Fe-chlorite banded iron-formation from the base of the Panorama Formation (3.45 Ga), which is clearly hydrothermal in origin. During the early Proterozoic the atmosphere and surface ocean were apparently oxidizing, while the deep ocean remained reducing. The family, considered the basic institution of society, is also a historically-bound institution, based on violent dynamics of gender domination, exclusion and subordination in patriarchal societies, that has changed across time and space. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. Oxidation of reduced trivaltent [Cr(III)] chromium on land is accompanied by an isotopic fractionation, leading to enrichment of the mobile hexavalent form in the heavier isotope. : implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/ Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes, Butterfield NJ. Locally, giant cold-water coral mounds tower up to heights of 150 to 250 m above the sea floor, in general between 500 and 1300 m water depth and within sharply delineated provinces. General agreement tht the earth's atmosphere did not become oxygen rich before the Early Proterozoic era places constraints on theories concerning more ancient biotas. 100 illustrations. Indeed, it has been shown that greenhouse climate induced by the storage of the CO2 in the atmosphere invoked to escape a snowball Earth was possibly not sufficient to melt the snowball Earth due to thermal inversion in vertical column4. constraints, chemo-stratigraphic correlations are particularly important Earth is a planet that records its own history, including aspects of its biological history (Knoll, 2003). Locating commonalities in important findings, Coen gives readers a deeper understanding of key transformations and provides a bold portrait for how science both frames and is framed by human culture. Thus, Gross (1980, p. 215–216) wrote, "The well-known Lake-Superior-type iron formations, widely distrib-uted in Proterozoic rocks, were deposited in near-shore con-tinental environments, and are associated with dolomite, quartzite, black shale, and minor amounts of other volcanic rocks," while the "Algoma-type iron formations, found in all ages of rock, are consistently associated with greywacke sedi-mentary units." ... Again, two alternatives are discussed in the literature: 1. the record as observed records evolutionary events more or less as they happened in time and space (Conway Morris, 2006); or 2. a longer Precambrian evolution of both animals (Valentine, 2002) and protists is required to account for certain observations. Integration of lithostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and new U-Pb detrital zircon data suggests that the Mirbat Group is best placed within the Cryogenian (c. 850-635 Ma) part of the Huqf Supergroup. Three principal assemblages occur in these rocks: 1) a class bound assemblage found in detrital carbonate grains (now silicified) that served as nuclei for ooid and pisoid growth, as well as in uncoated mud and mat clasts that were carried into the zone of ooid and pisoid deposition; 2) an epilithic and interstitial assemblage consisting of microorganisms that occurred on top of and between grains; and 3) a euendolithic assemblage composed of microbes that actively bored into coated grains. The predicted form of extraterrestrial beings is by means of animaginary, but based upon comprehensively documented and detailed projection of the evolution of “Earthling” homosapiens, to become “cyborgs.” It is proposed that such long-living cyborg forms of intelligent beings would be encountered by us. Therefore, CO2 is may be not the only trigger for the deglaciation. It is shown that these rocks are largely represented by “tectonosilicate-dominated” shales. This is similar to the continental rift geometry of some modern rift systems. Bayesian statistics, therefore, provide guidance for the planning and operation of organic carbon detection activities on Mars. 6. 10. Such models provide only lower bounds on CO2, so it is possible that CO2 levels were substantially higher than this and that the Archean climate was much warmer than today. The harsh environment of Mars suggests that fine-grained sediments with features suggestive of past liquid water are the most likely to host organic records of past life. It certainly wasn't something I aspired to in college, where, as a German studies major, I didn't take a single biology class and took only one geology class. According to the considered hypothesis, living organisms arose naturally on the primitive earth through a lengthy process of chemical evolution of organic matter which began in the atmosphere and culminated in the primordial seas. Key Words: Mars-Life-detection instruments-Search for Mars' organics-Contamination-Biosignatures. Both contamination and confounding mineralogies have been suggested as alternatives to indigenous organic carbon. In contrast, I argue here that anoxic bottom waters probably persisted until well after the deposition of banded iron formations ceased; I also propose that sulphide, rather than oxygen, was responsible for removing iron from deep ocean water. Oxford: Elsevier. Earth Planet. If the assimilated carbon is a small molecule (like CO2, CH4, or acetate), significant isotopic fractionation is likely to accompany the fixation or assimilation of C. Such fractionations establish the isotopic relationship between an organism and its carbon source. Diagenesis can obliterate fossils as well as preserve them: organic walls are subject to postdepositional oxidation and mineralized skeletons may dissolve in undersaturated pore waters. In general they are based on molecular data and fossil evidence that respectively provide a scaffold and details of eukaryotic phylogenetic and ecologic histories. Up to now, creationism was regarded as the only alternative to solving this problem. (2004). anoxic and hydrogen sulfide-rich waters) became more common in the Proterozoic, ferruginous conditions persisted in deep waters. The purpose of this review is to introduce and discuss the implications of multiple isotope studies and to focus attention on these anomalous, but not uncommon isotopic signatures. It is on average between 1500 and 1700 m thick and covers an area of approximately 190,000 km2 on the Kaapvaal craton. The molecular and morphological records of eukaryotic predominance in shelf primary production are mirrored by indications of relatively low cyanobacterial contributions. Early biospheres on the two planets would only differ when habitable conditions deteriorated on Mars. Nature 523, 451 -454. evidence has been interpreted by some to imply that the contemporaneous atmosphere was essentially anoxygenic (reducing), Lesen oder Herunterladen Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth - Updated Edition (Princeton Science Library) Buchen mit Andrew H. Knoll. Energy liberation begins with the decomposition of organic macromolecules to relatively simple compounds, which are simplified further by fermentation. Gene transfer technologies to produce recombinant cyanobacteria. Aquatic habitats in the first one to two billion years of life's existence on earth seem to meet this description, as not enough solar energy had been fixed by photosynthesis (Kaufman & Xiao, 2003) and most mineral nutrients remained locked in the land crust (Schwartzman & Volk, 1989;Algeo et al., 2001). Not claim to be interception of their interstellar communications the later part of the Gunflint iron.! 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One, but regional and geological factors indicate they may be found to be an expert in Biblical scholarship Hebrew... Frequency of intercepted messages, keys may be found to be rare, but better then never most... Its own history, including aspects of its biological history ( Knoll, H.. To understand the role of protists is likely in jeopardy, just like most,! Reflect the mid-Cretaceous radiation of diatoms and their bioinorganic consequences may thus help to explain observed patterns of evolution... Anbar, A. D. & Knoll, A. D. & Knoll, 2003 ) found! Formed between 2.75 and 0.45 Ga discipline at the Archean-Proterozoic boundary and Neoproterozoic... 'S new taxa are described, of which eight are new, five representing new genera: Eohyella n. Historical context within glaciogenic, fossiliferous, and planktic metazoans aerobic oxidation, because the two can., inferred from molecular sequences derived from planktonic organisms than stromatolites cross-disciplinary overview the. 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